As used by lawyers
and legal scholars, the phrase "law and economics" refers to the
application of microeconomic analysis to legal problems. Because of the
overlap between legal systems and political systems, some of the issues
in law and economics are also raised in political economy, constitutional economics and political science.
Approaches to the same issues from Marxist and critical theory/Frankfurt School perspectives usually do not identify themselves as "law and economics". For example, research by members of the critical legal studies movement and the sociology of law
considers many of the same fundamental issues as does work labeled "law
and economics," though from a vastly different perspective.
The one wing that represents a non-neoclassical approach to "law and
economics" is the Continental (mainly German) tradition that sees the
concept starting out of the governance and public policy (Staatswissenschaften) approach and the German Historical school of economics; this view is represented in the Elgar Companion to Law and Economics (2nd ed. 2005) and—though not exclusively—in the European Journal of Law and Economics.
Here, consciously non-neoclassical approaches to economics are used for
the analysis of legal (and administrative/governance) problems.
he historians Robert van Horn and Philip Mirowski described these developments, in their “The Rise of the Chicago School of Economics” chapter in The Road from Mont Pelerin (2009); and historian Bruce Caldwell
(a great admirer of von Hayek) filled in more details of the account in
his chapter, “The Chicago School, Hayek, and Neoliberalism,” in Building Chicago Economics (2011). Van Horn (a Hayek critic) filled in yet more details of this history in a Seattle University Law Review
article (“Chicago’s Shifting Attitude Toward Concentrations of Business
Power [1934–1962]”) explaining how the influence of Luhnow and other
corporate funders wrenched the Chicago School away from its
predecessors’ common support for anti-trust. Van Horn argues that the
opposition to antitrust, and the acceptance of corporate monopoly power
and control by oligopolies (such as Germany’s and Italy’s fascists had
always supported), which came to be championed by Robert Bork and others at Chicago, had their actual origins in America’s corporate boardrooms.
In 1958, Director founded the Journal of Law & Economics,
which he co-edited with Nobel laureate Ronald Coase, and which helped to
unite the fields of law and economics with far-reaching influence.
In 1962, he helped to found the Committee on a Free Society. Director's
appointment to the faculty of the University of Chicago Law School in
1946 began a half-century of intellectual productivity, although his
reluctance about publishing left few writings behind. He taught
antitrust courses at the law school with Edward Levi,
who eventually would serve as Dean of Chicago’s Law School, President
of the University of Chicago, and as U.S. Attorney General in the Ford
administration. After retiring from the University of Chicago School of Law
in 1965, Director relocated to California and took a position at
Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. He died September 11, 2004, at
his home in Los Altos Hills, California, ten days before his 103rd
birthday.
Well-conducted, and with good health status.
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5. Undergraduate school transcript
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certificate in languages other than Chinese or English should be
translated into Chinese or English and be certified by notarization.
7. Two letters of recommendation
From professor or associate professor or equivalents
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