Analytical chemistry consists of classical, wet chemical methods and modern, instrumental methods.Classical qualitative methods use separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation.
Identification may be based on differences in color, odor, melting
point, boiling point, radioactivity or reactivity. Classical
quantitative analysis uses mass or volume changes to quantify amount.
Instrumental methods may be used to separate samples using chromatography, electrophoresis or field flow fractionation. Then qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed, often with the same instrument and may use light interaction, heat interaction, electric fields or magnetic fields . Often the same instrument can separate, identify and quantify an analyte.
Analytical chemistry is also focused on improvements in experimental design, chemometrics,
and the creation of new measurement tools. Analytical chemistry has
broad applications to forensics, medicine, science and engineering.
Analytical chemistry has been important since the early days of
chemistry, providing methods for determining which elements and
chemicals are present in the object in question. During this period
significant contributions to analytical chemistry include the
development of systematic elemental analysis by Justus von Liebig and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reactions of functional groups.
The first instrumental analysis was flame emissive spectrometry developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff who discovered rubidium (Rb) and caes
Most of the major developments in analytical chemistry take place
after 1900. During this period instrumental analysis becomes
progressively dominant in the field. In particular many of the basic
spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques were discovered in the early
20th century and refined in the late 20th century.
The separation sciences follow a similar time line of development and also become increasingly transformed into high performance instruments.In the 1970s many of these techniques began to be used together as
hybrid techniques to achieve a complete characterization of samples.
Starting in approximately the 1970s into the present day analytical
chemistry has progressively become more inclusive of biological
questions (bioanalytical chemistry), whereas it had previously been
largely focused on inorganic or small organic molecules.
Lasers have been increasingly used in chemistry as probes and even to
initiate and influence a wide variety of reactions. The late 20th
century also saw an expansion of the application of analytical chemistry
from somewhat academic chemical questions to forensic, environmental, industrial and medical questions, such as in histology.
Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis.
Many analytical chemists focus on a single type of instrument. Academics
tend to either focus on new applications and discoveries or on new
methods of analysis. The discovery of a chemical present in blood that
increases the risk of cancer would be a discovery that an analytical
chemist might be involved in. An effort to develop a new method might
involve the use of a tunable laser
to increase the specificity and sensitivity of a spectrometric method.
Many methods, once developed, are kept purposely static so that data can
be compared over long periods of time. This is particularly true in
industrial quality assurance
(QA), forensic and environmental applications. Analytical chemistry
plays an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry
where, aside from QA, it is used in discovery of new drug candidates and
in clinical applications where understanding the interactions between
the drug and the patient are critical.
Well-conducted, and with good health status.
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